Publications
"Medical Progress and Health Care Finance: Evidence from Academic Medical Centers."
Azoulay, Pierre, Misty Heggeness, and Jennifer Kao. Research Policy Vol. 54, No. 2 (2025): 105163."Old Moats for New Models: Openness, Control, and Competition in Generative AI."
Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua L. Krieger, and Abhishek Nagaraj. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy and the Economy Vol. 4, (2025): 7-46. Article online. NBER Working Paper #32474."Who Stands on the Shoulders of Chinese (Scientific) Giants? Evidence from Chemistry."
Qiu, Shumin, Claudia Steinwender, and Pierre Azoulay. Research Policy Vol. 54, No. 1 (2025): 105147. Also NBER Working Paper 30772."Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the United States."
Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin Jones, J. Daniel Kim, and Javier Miranda. American Economic Review: Insights Vol. 4, No. 1 (2022): 71-88. Download Paper. Also NBER Working Paper #27778."Long-term Effects from Early Exposure to Research: Evidence from the NIH 'Yellow Berets'."
Azoulay, Pierre, Wesley H. Greenblatt, and Misty L. Heggeness. Research Policy Vol. 50, No. 9 (2021): 104332. NBER Working Paper #26069. Non-technical summary of the paper. Download Paper."Self-Citation, Cumulative Advantage, and Gender Inequality in Science."
Azoulay, Pierre, and Freda B. Lynn. Sociological Science Vol. 7, (2020): 152-186. Download Paper."Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship."
Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin Jones, Daniel Kim, and Javier Miranda. American Economic Review: Insights Vol. 2, No. 1 (2020): 65-82. Download Paper."Inside Job or Deep Impact? Using Extramural Citations to Assess Economic Scholarship."
Angrist, Joshua, Pierre Azoulay, Glenn Ellison, Ryan Hill, and Susan Feng Lu. Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 58, No. 1 (2020): 3-52. NBER Working Paper #23698."Death of the Salesman, But Not the Sales Force: How Interested Promotion Skews Scientific Valuation."
Azoulay, Pierre, J. Michael Whalen, and Ezra Zuckerman. American Journal of Sociology Vol. 125, No. 3 (2019): 786-845. Also NBER Working Paper #24591. Replication Archive."Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time?"
Azoulay, Pierre, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Joshua S. Graff Zivin. American Economic Review Vol. 109, No. 8 (2019): 2889-2920. Also NBER Working Paper #21788. Download Paper."Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the 'ARPA Model'."
Azoulay, Pierre, Erica Fuchs, Anna P. Goldstein, and Michael Kearney. Innovation Policy and the Economy Vol. 19, (2019): 69-96. Also NBER Working Paper #24674."Public R&D Investments and Private Sector Patenting: Evidence from NIH Funding Rules."
Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua S. Graff Zivin, Danielle Li, and Bhaven N. Sampat. Review of Economic Studies Vol. 86, No. 1 (2019): 117-152. Also NBER Working Paper #20889."Status Spillovers: The Effect of Status-Conferring Prizes on the Allocation of Attention."
Reschke, Brian P., Pierre Azoulay, and Toby E. Stuart. Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 63, No. 4 (2018): 819-847."The Career Effects of Scandal: Evidence from Scientific Retractions."
Azoulay, Pierre, Alessandro Bonatti, and Joshua L. Krieger. Research Policy Vol. 46, No. 9 (2017): 1552-1569."Economic Research Evolves: Fields and Styles."
Ellison, Glenn, Joshua Angrist, Pierre Azoulay, Ryan Hill, and Susan Lu. AER: Papers & Proceedings Vol. 107, No. 5 (2017): 293-297."The Applied Value of Public Investments in Biomedical Research."
Li, Danielle, Pierre Azoulay, and Bhaven N. Sampat. Science Vol. 356, No. 6333 (2017): 78-81."The Mobility of Elite Life Scientists: Professional and Personal Determinants."
Azoulay, Pierre, Ina Ganguli, and Joshua Graff Zivin. Research Policy Vol. 46, No. 3 (2017): 573-590."Social Influence Given (Partially) Deliberate Matching: Career Imprints in the Creation of Academic Entrepreneurs."
Azoulay, Pierre, Christopher C. Liu, and Toby Stuart. American Journal of Sociology Vol. 122, No. 4 (2017): 1223-1271."Retractions."
Azoulay, Pierre, Jeffrey L. Furman, Joshua L. Krieger and Fiona Murray. Review of Economics and Statistics Vol. 97, No. 5 (2015): 1118-1136."Matthew: Effect or Fable?"
Azoulay, Pierre, Toby Stuart and Yanbo Wang. Management Science Vol. 60, No. 1 (2014): 92-109. Documentation. Data Model. Appendix."Empirical Studies of the Diffusion of Scientific and Technological Knowledge: Some Methodological Considerations."
Azoulay, Pierre. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics Vol. 39, No. 3 (2012): 73-87."Research Efficiency: Turn the Scientific Method on Ourselves."
Azoulay, Pierre. Nature Vol. 484, No. 7392 (2012): 31-32."Incentives and Creativity: Evidence from the Academic Life Sciences."
Azoulay, Pierre, Gustavo Manso and Joshua Graff Zivin. RAND Journal of Economics Vol. 42, No. 3 (2011): 527-554."Superstar Extinction."
Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua Graff Zivin and Jialan Wang. Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 125, No. 2 (2010): 549-589."Nasty, Brutish, and Short: Embeddedness Failure in the Pharmaceutical Industry."
Azoulay, Pierre, Nelson P. Repenning, and Ezra Zuckerman Sivan. Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 55, No. 3 (2010): 472-507. Appendix."The Effect of Academic Patenting on the Rate, Quality, and Direction of (Public) Research Output."
Azoulay, Pierre, Waverly Ding and Toby Stuart. Journal of Industrial Economics Vol. 57, No. 4 (2009): 637-676. Slides."The Anatomy of Medical School Patenting."
Azoulay, Pierre, Ryan Michigan and Bhaven Sampat. New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 357, No. 20 (2007): 2049-2056."The Determinants of Faculty Patenting Behavior: Demographics or Opportunities?"
Azoulay, Pierre, Waverly Ding and Toby Stuart. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organizations Vol. 63, No. 4 (2007): 599-623."Publication Harvester: An Open-Source Software Tool for Science Policy Research."
Azoulay, Pierre, Andrew Stellman and Joshua Graff Zivin. Research Policy Vol. 35, No. 7 (2006): 970-974."Capturing Knowledge Within and Across Firm Boundaries: Evidence from Clinical Development."
Azoulay, Pierre. American Economic Review Vol. 94, No. 5 (2004): 1591-1612."Consumption Externalities and Diffusion in Pharmaceutical Markets: Anti-Ulcer Drugs."
Berndt, Ernst, Pierre Azoulay, and Robert S. Pindyck. Journal of Industrial Economics Vol. 51, No. 2 (2003): 243-270."Do Pharmaceutical Sales Respond to Scientific Evidence?"
Azoulay, Pierre. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy Vol. 11, No. 4 (2002): 551-594."Entrepreneurs, Contracts, and the Failure of Young Firms."
Azoulay, Pierre and Scott Shane. Management Science Vol. 47, No. 3 (2001): 337-358.
"Indirect Cost Recovery in U.S. Innovation Policy: History, Evidence, and Avenues for Reform."
Azoulay, Pierre, Daniel P. Gross, and Bhaven N. Sampat, Working Paper. March 2025. Also NBER Working Paper #33627."Does Peer Review Penalize Scientific Risk Taking? Evidence from NIH Grant Renewals."
Pierre Azoulay and Wesley H. Greenblatt, Working Paper. February 2025. NBER Working Paper #33495."Paper Tiger? Chinese Science and Citation Home-bias."
Azoulay, Pierre, Shumin Qiu, and Claudia Steinwender, MIT Sloan Working Paper 6977-23. Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan School of Management, May 2024. Also NBER Working Paper #32468."The Rise of For-Profit Experimental Medicine."
Azoulay, Pierre and Ariel Y. Fishman, MIT Sloan Working Paper 6050-20. Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan School of Management, December 2021. Also NBER Working Paper #26892.
"Scientific Grant Funding."
Azoulay, Pierre, and Danielle Li. In Innovation and Public Policy, edited by Austan Goolsbee and Ben Jones, 117-150. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2022. NBER Working Paper #26889."Beat COVID-19 Through Innovation."
Azoulay, Pierre and Benjamin Jones. Science, May 8, 2020."Small Research Teams ‘disrupt’ Science More Radically than Large Ones."
Azoulay, Pierre. Nature, February 2019."NIH Peer Review: Challenges and Avenues for Reform."
Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua Graff Zivin and Gustavo Manso. In Innovation Policy and the Economy, 1-21. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012."Technological Innovation and Organizations."
Azoulay, Pierre, and Joshua Lerner. In The Handbook of Organizational Economics, edited by John Roberts and Robert Gibbons, 575-603. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012."The Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge Across Time and Space: Evidence from Professional Transitions for the Superstars of Medicine."
Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua Graff Zivin and Bhaven Sampat. In The Rate & Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited, edited by Joshua Lerner and Scott Stern, 107-155. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Punditry
“Beat COVID-19 through innovation.” Azoulay, Pierre and Benjamin Jones. Science Vol 368, No. 6491 (2020): 553.
"Small-team Science is Beautiful." Azoulay, Pierre. Nature Vol 566, No. 7744 (2019): 330-332.
"Turn the Scientific Method on Ourselves." Azoulay, Pierre. Nature Vol 484, No. 7392 (2012): 31-32.
"Why Big Pharma Should Think Twice Before Working With Trump." Azoulay, Pierre. Fortune.com, February 6, 2017.